The mind's eye: functional MR imaging evaluation of golf motor imagery.

Full Abstract

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Mental imagery involves rehearsing or practicing a task in the mind with no physical movement. The technique is commonly used, but the actual physical foundation of imagery has not been evaluated for the fast, complex, automatic motor movement of the golf swing. This study evaluated motor imagery of the golf swing, of golfers of various handicaps, by using functional MR imaging to assess whether areas of brain activation could be defined by this technique and to define any association between activated brain areas and golf skill. METHODS: Six golfers of various handicap levels were evaluated with functional MR imaging during a control condition and during mental imagery of their golf swing. Two control conditions were evaluated--"rest" and "wall"--and were then subtracted from the experimental condition to give the functional activation map. These control conditions were then tested against the golf imagery; the participants were told to mentally rehearse their golf swings from a first person perspective. The percentages of activated pixels in 137 defined regions of interest were calculated. RESULTS: The "rest-versus-golf" paradigm showed activation in motor cortex, parietal cortex, frontal lobe, cerebellum, vermis, and action planning areas (frontal and parietal cortices, supplementary motor area, cerebellum) and areas involved with error detection (cerebellum). Vermis, supplementary motor area, cerebellum, and motor regions generally showed the greatest activation. Little activation was seen in the cingulate gyrus, right temporal lobe, deep gray matter, and brain stem. A correlation existed between increased number of areas of activation and increased handicap. CONCLUSION: This study showed the feasibility of defining areas of brain activation during imagery of a complex, coordinated motor task. Decreased brain activation occurred with increased golf skill level for the supplementary motor area and cerebellum with little activation of basal ganglia.

Author information

Author/s: Ross, Jeffrey S (JS); Tkach, Jean (J); Ruggieri, Paul M (PM); Lieber, Michael (M); Lapresto, Eric (E);

Affiliation: Division of Radiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.

Journal and publication information

Publication Type: Journal Article

Journal: AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology (AJNR Am J Neuroradiol), published in United States. (Language: eng)

Reference: -2003 Jun-Jul; vol 24 (issue 6) : pp 1036-44

Dates: Created 2003/06/18; Completed 2003/10/27; Revised 2008/02/14;

PMID: 12812924, status: MEDLINE (last retrieval date: 2/18/2009, IMS Date: )

Sourced from the National Library of Medicine. Abstract text and other information may be subject to copyright.

Comments and Corrections

CommentIn: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003 Jun-Jul;24(6):1033-4. (PMID: 12812921)

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