Research article summary (published 30 May 2006):

Adipose tissue, insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation: implications for atherogenesis and the cardiovascular harm of estrogen plus progestogen therapy.

Full Abstract

OBJECTIVE:
To summarize recent findings providing mechanistic insight into why the relative presence of central to peripheral fat mass is a critical determinant of atherogenesis and why postmenopausal women with android obesity represent a risk population with increased susceptibility to the cardiovascular harm of estrogen plus progestin therapy (EPT).

METHODS:
Review of own research and related literature in PubMed.

RESULTS:
In postmenopausal women, android obesity characterized by excessive upper-body combined with relatively poorly developed lower-body fat mass is frequently associated with insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation, and early atherosclerosis. Underlying mechanisms involve disequilibrium between proinflammatory cytokines (high interleukin-6/C-reactive protein) and the anti-inflammatory adipokine (low adiponectin). Recent findings point out that women with abnormal glucose tolerance, a metabolic alteration closely linked to android adiposity, respond with increases in low-grade inflammation and accelerated atherogenesis to EPT that collectively may promote acute complications. We recently pointed out that a progestin could exert a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on circulating adiponectin. Thus, when EPT is prescribed to women with android obesity, further decreases in the protective adiponectin pool may become critical and act as a promoter of thromboembolic complications via its effects on plaque formation and stability. Since android obesity is associated with the highest levels of free estradiol, women with this phenotype might not be trivial candidates for EPT.

CONCLUSIONS:
The herein summarized findings shed light on important interactions between sex steroids and body fat mass, with functional implications for cardiovascular risk. Since previous trials have not optimized the dose of the progestin for its effect on circulating adiponectin, utmost caution should be exercised in the prescription of available estrogen plus progestin therapies to women with android obesity and/or symptoms of the insulin resistance syndrome.

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Author information

Author/s: Tankó, L B (LB); Christiansen, C (C);

Affiliation: Center for Clinical and Basic Research, Ballerup, Denmark.

Journal and publication information

Publication Type: Journal Article; Review

Journal: Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society (Climacteric), published in United States. (Language: eng)

Reference: 2006-Jun; vol 9 (issue 3) : pp 169-80

Dates: Created 2006/06/12; Completed 2007/10/25;

PMID: 16766431, status: MEDLINE (last retrieval date: 12/26/2008)

Sourced from the National Library of Medicine. Abstract text and other information may be subject to copyright.

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MeSH headings (categories)

This article was linked to the MESH Headings shown below.

Adiponectin - blood Adipose Tissue - metabolism Arteriosclerosis - etiology Body Mass Index Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology Cytokines - blood Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Estrogen Replacement Therapy - adverse effects

Estrogens - adverse effects Female Humans Hypertension - etiology Insulin Resistance Obesity - classification; complications Progestins - adverse effects Risk Factors

Associated Chemicals: Adiponectin (0) ; Cytokines (0) ; Estrogens (0) ; Progestins (0)

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