Neural coding of reward-prediction error signals during classical conditioning with attractive faces.

Full Abstract

Attractive faces can be considered to be a form of visual reward. Previous imaging studies have reported activity in reward structures including orbitofrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens during presentation of attractive faces. Given that these stimuli appear to act as rewards, we set out to explore whether it was possible to establish conditioning in human subjects by pairing presentation of arbitrary affectively neutral stimuli with subsequent presentation of attractive and unattractive faces. Furthermore, we scanned human subjects with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they underwent this conditioning procedure to determine whether a reward-prediction error signal is engaged during learning with attractive faces as is known to be the case for learning with other types of reward such as juice and money. Subjects showed changes in behavioral ratings to the conditioned stimuli (CS) when comparing post- to preconditioning evaluations, notably for those CSs paired with attractive female faces. We used a simple Rescorla-Wagner learning model to generate a reward-prediction error signal and entered this into a regression analysis with the fMRI data. We found significant prediction error-related activity in the ventral striatum during conditioning with attractive compared with unattractive faces. These findings suggest that an arbitrary stimulus can acquire conditioned value by being paired with pleasant visual stimuli just as with other types of reward such as money or juice. This learning process elicits a reward-prediction error signal in a main target structure of dopamine neurons:
the ventral striatum. The findings we describe here may provide insights into the neural mechanisms tapped into by advertisers seeking to influence behavioral preferences by repeatedly exposing consumers to simple associations between products and rewarding visual stimuli such as pretty faces.

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Author information

Author/s: Bray, Signe (S); O'Doherty, John (J);

Affiliation: Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.

Journal and publication information

Publication Type: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Journal: Journal of neurophysiology (J Neurophysiol), published in United States. (Language: eng)

Reference: 2007-Apr; vol 97 (issue 4) : pp 3036-45

Dates: Created 2007/04/05; Completed 2007/07/10;

PMID: 17303809, status: MEDLINE (last retrieval date: 12/26/2008)

Sourced from the National Library of Medicine. Abstract text and other information may be subject to copyright.

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MeSH headings (categories)

This article was linked to the MESH Headings shown below.

Adolescent
Adult
Conditioning, Classical - physiology
Data Interpretation, Statistical
Face
Female
Fractals
Humans
Learning - physiology
Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Male
Models, Neurological
Neostriatum - physiology
Photic Stimulation
Psychomotor Performance - physiology
Questionnaires
Reaction Time - physiology
Reward
Sexual Behavior - physiology; psychology

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