Clock drawing performance in cognitively normal elderly.

Full Abstract

The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a common neuropsychological measure sensitive to cognitive changes and functional skills (e.g., driving test performance) among older adults. However, normative data have not been adequately developed. We report the distribution of CDT scores using three common scoring systems [Mendez, M. F., Ala, T., & Underwood, K. L. (1992). Development of scoring criteria for the Clock Drawing Task in Alzheimer's Disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 1095-1099; Cahn, D. A., Salmon, D. P., Monsch, A. U., Butters, N., Wiederholt, W. C., & Corey-Bloom, J. (1996). Screening for dementia of the Alzheimer type in the community: The utility of the Clock Drawing Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11(6), 529-539], among 207 cognitively normal elderly. The systems were well correlated, took little time to use, and had high inter-rater reliability. We found statistically significant differences in CDT scores based on age and WRAT-3 Reading score, a marker of education quality. We present means, standard deviations, and t- and z-scores based on these subgroups. We found that "normal" CDT performance includes a wider distribution of scores than previously reported. Our results may serve as useful comparisons for clinicians wishing to know whether their patients perform in the general range of cognitively normal elderly.

Author information

Author/s: Hubbard, Emily J (EJ); Santini, Veronica (V); Blankevoort, Christiaan G (CG); Volkers, Karin M (KM); Barrup, Melissa S (MS); Byerly, Laura (L); Chaisson, Christine (C); Jefferson, Angela L (AL); Kaplan, Edith (E); Green, Robert C (RC); Stern, Robert A (RA);

Affiliation: Alzheimer's Disease Clinical and Research Program, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

Grants: K12-HD043444 (Agency:NICHD NIH HHS) ; K23 AG030962-01 (Agency:NIA NIH HHS) ; K23 AG030962-02 (Agency:NIA NIH HHS) ; K23 AG030962-03 (Agency:NIA NIH HHS) ; K23-AG030962 (Agency:NIA NIH HHS) ; K24 AG27841 (Agency:NIA NIH HHS) ; M01-RR00533 (Agency:NCRR NIH HHS) ; P30 AG013846-06 (Agency:NIA NIH HHS) ; P30 AG013846-13 (Agency:NIA NIH HHS) ; P30-AG13846 (Agency:NIA NIH HHS) ; R03-AG026610 (Agency:NIA NIH HHS) ; R03-AG027480 (Agency:NIA NIH HHS)

Journal and publication information

Publication Type: Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

Journal: Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists (Arch Clin Neuropsychol), published in United States. (Language: eng)

Reference: 2008-May; vol 23 (issue 3) : pp 295-327

Dates: Created 2008/04/28; Completed 2008/07/10; Revised 2009/09/28;

PMID: 18243644, status: MEDLINE (last retrieval date: 9/29/2009, IMS Date: )

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