Research article summary (published 30 Dec 2007):

Exuberant and inhibited toddlers: stability of temperament and risk for problem behavior.

Full Abstract

Temperament, effortful control, and problem behaviors at 4.5 years were assessed in 72 children classified as exuberant, inhibited, and low reactive as 2-year-olds. Exuberant toddlers were more positive, socially responsive to novel persons, less shy, and rated as having more problem behaviors, including externalizing and internalizing behaviors, than other children as preschoolers. Two forms of effortful control, the ability to delay a response and the ability to produce a subdominant response, were associated with fewer externalizing behaviors, whereas expressing more negative affect (relative to positive/neutral affect) when disappointed was related to more internalizing behaviors. Interaction effects implicated high levels of unregulated emotion during disappointment as a risk factor for problem behaviors in exuberant children.

Author information

Author/s: Stifter, Cynthia A (CA); Putnam, Samuel (S); Jahromi, Laudan (L);

Affiliation: Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16803, USA. tvr(-atsign-)psu.edu

Grants: MH 50843 (Agency:NIMH NIH HHS)

Journal and publication information

Publication Type: Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

Journal: Development and psychopathology (Dev Psychopathol), published in United States. (Language: eng)

Reference: 2008-; vol 20 (issue 2) : pp 401-21

Dates: Created 2008/04/21; Completed 2008/08/22;

PMID: 18423086, status: MEDLINE (last retrieval date: 2/18/2009, IMS Date: )

Sourced from the National Library of Medicine. Abstract text and other information may be subject to copyright.

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MeSH headings (categories)

This article was linked to the MESH Headings shown below.

Adaptation, Psychological Arousal Child Behavior Disorders - diagnosis; psychology Child, Preschool Emotions Female Frustration Humans Inhibition (Psychology) Internal-External Control

Longitudinal Studies Male Personality Assessment Personality Development Play and Playthings Risk Factors Shyness Social Behavior Social Environment Temperament

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