Research article summary (published 29 Apr 2008):

Trajectories of externalizing behavior from age 2 to age 9: relations with gender, temperament, ethnicity, parenting, and rater.

Full Abstract

Trajectories of children's externalizing behavior were examined using multilevel growth curve modeling of data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. According to ratings by both mothers and caregivers/teachers when children were 2, 3, 4, 7, and 9 years old, externalizing behavior declined with age. However, mothers rated children as higher in externalizing behavior than did caregivers and teachers. Higher levels of age 9 externalizing behavior were predicted by the following factors: child male gender (for caregiver/teacher reports only), infant difficult temperament (for children with harsh mothers only), harsher maternal attitude toward discipline, higher level of maternal depression (for maternal reports only), and lower level of maternal sensitivity (especially for boys). Caregivers and teachers reported higher levels of externalizing behavior in African American children than in European American children, increasingly so over time; mothers' ratings revealed the reverse. The declining slope of externalizing behavior was predicted by infant difficult temperament for mother reports only. Additional analyses suggested that the association between parenting and externalizing behavior was bidirectional. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved).

Author information

Author/s: Miner, Jennifer L (JL); Clarke-Stewart, K Alison (KA);

Affiliation: Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, School of Social Ecology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92627, USA. jlminer(-atsign-)uci.edu

Journal and publication information

Publication Type: Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

Journal: Developmental psychology (Dev Psychol), published in United States. (Language: eng)

Reference: 2008-May; vol 44 (issue 3) : pp 771-86

Dates: Created 2008/05/13; Completed 2008/08/11;

PMID: 18473643, status: MEDLINE (last retrieved date: 2/18/2009)

Sourced from the National Library of Medicine. Abstract text and other information may be subject to copyright.

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MeSH headings (categories)

This article was linked to the MeSH Headings (categories) shown below.

Adolescent African Continental Ancestry Group - psychology Aggression - psychology Child Child of Impaired Parents - psychology Depression - psychology European Continental Ancestry Group - psychology Female Gender Identity Humans Internal-External Control

Longitudinal Studies Male Maternal Behavior Mother-Child Relations Observer Variation Parenting - psychology Personality Assessment - statistics & numerical data Psychometrics - statistics & numerical data Reproducibility of Results Socialization Temperament

Note: Bold headings indicate primary MeSH headings or qualifiers.

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